India cinema Essay

India cinema over the ages has developed a flavor and aroma of its own. The vibrancy and exuberance of our cinema is unparalleled across the globe. India cinema, over the year, has transcended the barriers of language, art and culture, broken all the bonds and crossed all borders to colour the entire world with is emblematic song, dances, music, melodrama and didacticism. India cinema has a bit of everything. It has the capacity to imbibe all the shades and every spice of life within its ambit. It has been mystifying, enthralling, enchanting and entertaining millions since a long long time now. Every today, watching cinema is the most popular mode of entertainment and a favourite pastime of people from all section of society transcending over cast, creed, race or religion. In fact, bollywood after cricket is a sub-religion of the country. From the most common man to the intellectual and the elites-all enjoy watching movies in their leisure time with their friends and families. Cinema works as a great unifying factor which brings together the high and the low, the rice and the poor , the young and the old-all under the same roof for next two or three hour . It entertains without discrimination, thrill and tickles without knowing a difference man and man. I too, like watching movies with my parents and friend in my spare time. Last year, Sahara Motion Picture initiated a new era in India cinema. The long awaited animation movies for children were released and it runs successfully in theaters all over the country. Not only children but also teenagers, old and young, all cinema halls in large number to watch-Hanuman. I too had been waiting for the movie eagerly. Once the movie was released, my friend’s family and mine made plans to watch the movies in our nearest theater on the ensuing Sunday. We all were extremely excited. In fact, my friend and I could hardly wait for weekend. On the appointed Sunday, we reached the theatre filled with thrill excitement through and through. Predictable, none of us were disappointed after watching the movie. Since then, it has become one of my favourite movies. The movie is a fabulous animation of the legend of the faithful friend and follower of Lord Ram and his greatest accomplice in the battle against Ravana. The movie traces the entire life-story of Hanuman-right from his birth to the fulfillment of the aim which he was bore. The stories begin with sin and wickedness increasing on the earth and all the Gods rushing to Brahma-the Creator for his protection. The movie brilliantly captures the miraculous birth of Hanuman and his innocent childhood pranks to his education from the Sun god. The scene when the little Hanuman wakes up and mistakes the sun peeping form behind a mango tree to be mango and rushes to eat it out of grave hunger is one of my favorites. The way he reaches the sun and fight Rahu is extremely interesting. Hanuman- who is the incarnation of Lord Shiva grows up loved and pampered and gradually being trained for his great appointed task. As he grows up, he meets Lord Ram who is also growing up in his palace with his brothers. I particularly enjoyed the scene where Lord Shiva and Hanuman was extremely amusing with his multi-coloured cap and his extraordinary feats amused all of us extremely. Even the Kite scene when little Ram’s kite gets lost amidst the clouds and Hanuman disguising as the monkey is also my favourite scene. The rest of the movie too is interesting. One never loses interest throughout the movie. The movie, all through, captivates one’s attention thoroughly. The other scene, which really liked, is the ones when Hanuman goes to Lanka to search Sita. The entire sequence of the scenes thereafter is my favourite. L really liked each and every scene-the way Hanuman burns down the entire Lanka to teach Ravana a lesson and the scene later of the famous Kumbhakaran with his legendary sleep and appetite. In short, there is nothing that I don’t like about the movie. Enjoyed every bit of it and all the more so in the company of my friend and my family. I like the movie not only because it is entertaining but also because it teaches a lot about our rich and ancient mythology and the Hindu religion to us. It is usually seen that we don’t get the opportunity to know about our religion and the legends in our mythology in normal course of our lives. The movie is didactic and educative for children as the honest Hanuman, which he harbours for his lord Ram. The movie not only enriches and educates the innocent and fertile young minds but also the old adults alike. The movie was not only like by we friend but also by our parents which was a proof of how wonderful the movie was, even though but also by our parent which was a proof of how wonderful the movie was, even though an animation caters to the need of a specific age group and strata of the society. The animation was of best quality, the special effects very graphical and the morals and l hope we get many more such movies to see in the near future which educate as well as entertain the viewers irrespective of their age, cast, culture religion or race.

Analysis of National and Cultural Stereotypes

Academic English for Business and Management Compare and contrast the two articles, making clear your criteria for comparison. To what extent do these articles show that national and cultural stereotypes are no longer a useful way of examining the human condition and economic activity? Choose an element in the articles which you find interesting and explain your reaction to it by giving examples from your own experience. Your full name: Binjie He Word count: 1152 As the development of globalization, world becomes smaller and smaller.People who lived with each other become closer. Meanwhile, international trade is booming, and products could be bought in supermarkets from almost every area in the world. As a result, national and cultural stereotypes attract more attentions than ever before. This essay will compare and contrast two articles, â€Å"East meets west† (Yong, 2009) and â€Å"International Communication† (Piller, 2011), discuss the two authors’ opinions towards national and cultural stereotypes and present my own opinion from personal experience.However, before the discussion I will summarize the similarities and differences based on their type, audience, tone, structure, focus and the attitude to stereotypes. The final section will give an example of Haier, China. My aim is to eliminate people’s misunderstanding of stereotypes. There are two similarities according to the two articles. Firstly, both the two articles describe different reactions of people belonging to the same situation from different countries through examples.Secondly, both of them admit that the mindsets of people are different from various areas, and offer evidences for national and cultural stereotypes. As well as the above-mentioned similarities, there are several differences. At first, the types of these articles are various. Yong’s is an article, while Piller’s is a textbook. Next, the audiences of Yong’s are general public and in terested amateurs. On the contrary, Piller’s are students and academics. In terms of the tone, Yong appeared to be a professor, while Piller spoke as a friend of the audiences. What’s more, Yong states the opular notions and his own opinion at the beginning of the article. He cites several experiments which supported popular stereotypes, then recent research is used to prove his opinion in the body, and a conclusion of his view is presented at the end of the article. Piller’s structure differs from Yong’s in that Piller gives an overview of the article at first, positive and negative examples are enumerated in the middle, and finally key points of the article are clearly listed. Moreover, the focuses of these articles are different. Except stereotypes, Yong emphasizes much on psychology.Conversely, Piller pays more attention on business, especially advertising. What’s interesting is that Yong opposed to stereotypes, which is different from Piller. The comparison of the two articles have been clear, and it will be vital to discuss to what extent do these articles show that national and cultural stereotypes can contribute to the human condition and economic activity. Yong doesn’t agree with stereotypes in his article. He argues the popular stereotypes that easterners and westerners have distinct world views are far too simplistic.There are pieces of research he conducted as follows. First of all, Yong agrees it is the contexts that evoke people’s mindset rather than history. Then, he suggests â€Å"while the psychology of westerners may be superficially distinct from easterners, when social isolation is an issue there is little difference between the two† (Yong, 2009, p. 34). It is indicated in Trey Hedden’s research that east Asians used the same brain areas with Americans when working harder, and people had to think harder to perform tasks outside their cultural comfort zone.Which was also found by Hedden is that it’s easy to flip between different modes of thinking in people with roots in more than one culture (Yong, 2009). It is generally said that easterners have a holistic world view and westerners are more analytical, while Yong reveals â€Å"we are all capable of both analytic and holistic thought† (Yong, 2009, p. 35). Greatly various from Yong, Piller argues that the stereotypes in advertising should be better utilized. She believes the use of language other than the national one is the key means to achieve intercultural commodification rather in branding and promotion.The most significant she stated is that although the commercial use of English rarely connoted an ethno-cultural stereotype, the use of other languages can connote stereotypes, which is beneficial for advertising. In the same way, the using of exotic languages in brands and advertising is popular in China. One of the examples is Chinese famous major appliances brand Haier. The company only had a Chinese name at its first stage. As the development of business, it entitled an English name of ‘Haier’, which is a word does not function linguistically in English but the pronunciation of it is similar to its Chinese name.What’s more, it seemed modern and international to the customers and easy for them to distinguish it from all the national brands at that time. It is also the first step to be an international enterprise to Haier. After that, the brand Haier was gradually accepted in and abroad. Up to now, Haier has been providing customers with high quality products for 27 years and is the number one brand of Major Appliances in the world with 7. 8% retail volume share in 2011. It also ranks number one for several of its product ranges including refrigeration appliances, home laundry appliances and electric wine cellars.As a forerunner in the industry, Haier emphasize much on customers’ needs and innovation. Since different people will have vario us requirements to the same appliance, what is the most important is satisfying the needs of local customers. Their global presence allows Haier to localise their production and build high-quality products tailored to local needs. Such examples about language using in brands and advertising are too numerous to mention one by one. Another element that I interested in is cultural differences’ relationship to logic, which apparent obviously in China.Logic is based on education and culture. â€Å"Harmony† is our traditional mindset which is taught at their early ages. That’s why Chinese always try to find a middle ground between two opposing positions to avoid conflicts. That’s why most Chinese students assessed the situation from both sides and try to reconcile the differences between mothers and daughters, while Americans are tend to inclined to reject one proposition for the other (Yong, 2009). Owing to this mindset, Chinese are afraid to be different from others.They want to be the â€Å"middle† people, who are neither the first, nor the last. In conclusion, I agree with the two authors’ opinions in these articles. As far as I am concerned, we should avoid racism because there are few differences between easterners and westerners. It is hoped that national and cultural stereotypes could be used on a positive way. In recent days, numberless examples of the using of languages in brands and advertising could be seen everywhere. What we should not ignore is that numerous of exotic languages benefit advertising a lot if sed properly and accurately. In my opinion, if an English name was used in brands or advertising, people could distinguish it from other national brands easily, and an international stereotype could also functional well. Finally, people’s logic is greatly based on their education and culture. It is the â€Å"harmony† education in China that makes Chinese ‘middle’ people. References Piller, I. (2011) ‘Intercultural Communication for sale’ in Intercultural Communication: A Critical Introduction. Edinburgh University Press Yong, E. (2009) ‘East meets west’ New Scientist March 2009 issue

GFP Green fluorescent protein Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

GFP Green fluorescent protein - Essay Example Microorganisms can be easily used for genetic tailoring by means of genetic tools to study the modifications in environmental conditions. Reporter genes are tagged with multicoloured fluorescent proteins which aid in identifying the chemical effects prevailing in the environment. The engineered microorganisms are then used for whole cell array set-up on silicon chips and diverse optic fibres to get bioavailability of pollutants which could be correlated with their impact on life (Belkin, 2003). Reporter gene is expressed when it is fused with a promoter target sequences. Thus expression can be observed by the appearance of the reporter gene, in view of the fact that reporter is tagged with the active gene of interest. The promoter is tagged with a marker gene such as GFP, a stable molecule used to identify the phenotype or the genotype of the transformed organism. Luminescence markers: emit light making the selection process easy and simple moreover, they measure the cellular activity swiftly. FACS (fluorescence activated cell sorting) is performed with GFP, YFP and BFP i.e. green, yellow and blue fluorescent proteins respectively. The molecules do not require oxygen for fluorescence (Belkin, 2003). In transgenic organisms GFP molecule is integrated with active gene, expression of gene is observed through green glow under UV radiation. Transgenic organisms of various species such as E coli, C elegans, Drosophila were made to glow by inserting GFP reporter gene. Toxicity of GFP is not observed in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic organism, indicating the safety of the molecule. Small size of GFP makes it ideal for reporter gene or if GFP is tagged at the end of the active gene, it is expressed with the gene once the gene undergoes the process of transcription and translation, however, expression of GFP does not affect the protein; conversely, the protein can be seen as green fluorescence indicating the

The Relationship between Eliezer and his Father. Explain how Eliezer's Essay

The Relationship between Eliezer and his Father. Explain how Eliezer's relations with his father changes throughout the novel - Essay Example The relationship however did not start as strong as it ended. The novel demonstrates the changes in how the two related through various experiences. Their initial relationship is first presented at the beginning of the book. The father is not so much concerned about his son’s education or desires. When Eliezer wishes to study the Cabbala, he requests his father if he could get a master to guide him. Although we know that his father could have done it, he discourages Eliezer saying that "You must first study the basic subjects within your own understanding." (Wiesel 2) This is said without even his father being moved away from his own businesses, an indication that he was not willing to help Eliezer on his desires whether personally or by looking for a master to guide Eliezer. Despite his father’s refusal to help him, Eliezer disobeyed even his advice to first study the basic subjects before undertaking the Cabbala. Eliezer took the matter as a personal initiative and even found himself a master, Moishe the Beadle, to guide him (Wiesel 4). In the first sections of the book, we see a father-son relationship that is cold and filled with mistrust. Eliezer wanted to do so much, but the father did not support him. Many a times, he was forced to disobey and do things on his own especially on realization that his father disapproved of his religious pursuits. As father and son move from their comfortable home into the concentration camps, a sharp turn of events occur. In the new environment, dependence on trusted individuals is a treasure. There is an observable rapid development in their relationship and a closeness that was not originally there is seen. The development starts with a familial separation. The two were separated from Eliezer’s mother and sister and Eliezer, having been relatively independent of his father from the start becomes a strong

Personal Statement for Graduate School Admission Essay

Personal Statement for Graduate School Admission - Essay Example My prime responsibilities include taking care of the patients having multiple organ diseases and I take care of vascular pre/post-op patients, and pre/post-op kidney and pancreas transplant patients. Being the charge nurse i.e. team leader of my shift at the hospital, I also have to take care of some management tasks especially related with the team management. Being an active member of the Society of Vascular Nurses, American Nurses Association, and Chi Eta Phi Nursing Sorority. I also actively participate into the academic events in order to get myself acquainted with the recent developments in the field. Nursing, as a profession, need to have a balanced view where the new entrants into the profession must also know about the academic knowledge of their profession however, they must possess the knowledge of the practical realities of the profession also. However, this can only be done if people who train them should have practical as well as academic knowledge. It is because of this reason that I have set my long term career goal of becoming a Nurse educator where I believe I will be able to impart and share my practical experience and knowledge of the profession to prepare the new generation of Nurses who can practice the profession with new zeal and vigor with all available tools and knowledge to perform their duties whereas in short term I wish to accomplish a dual master’s degree in Nursing and Business Administration in order to advance my career as a registered Nurse and improve my chances of growth in my current career. I believe that with my experience and a dual degre e at my back I can be more effective not only at my primary work as a registered nurse but also emerge as a good manager who will not have the requisite technical knowledge of the profession but also the managerial know how of how to manage people and resources of the organization. With this

International Business Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 2

International Business Management - Essay Example It would use it to provide insight into how the concept can be used and a critical example of how the theory can be invoked. In his book, Competitive Strategy, Porter identifies some important elements that are necessary for the attainment of competitive advantage. Porter stated that competitive advantage arises when a firm provides the highest level of value to consumers, and hence attract the highest prices from them. Porter argues that this can only be internalised if a firm identifies some external elements in the business environment and internalize them in order to form a strategy based on them. In order to attain competitive advantage, a business needs to examine the unique positions and capabilities of competitors and players in an industry. When this is done, a firm can identify a business strategy and after that, designs its functional systems. Industry analysis involves the examination of the key players and the key threats to a given firms quest to attain competitive advantage. This is done by examining five main forces of the industry. These elements are: Every industry exists to produce some kind of value to the wider society. The industry would always exist and there is some kind of balance and stability that comes up naturally as the industry thrives and grows. The risk of entry of potential competitors refers to the situation whereby some third party businesses can enter the industry and produce services that can change the dynamics. The risk of potential competitors entering a given industry is strongly related to the presence or absence of barriers in a given industry. If there are no barriers in the industry and new entrants can easily enter, and this would make the sector extremely problematic. This is because a firms competitive advantage can be easily threatened. However, if there are high barriers like high capital requirement and other regulations, then an

The pathology of Parkinson's disease, and how to counteract it Essay

The pathology of Parkinson's disease, and how to counteract it - Essay Example This research will begin with the definition of Parkinson’s disease commonly referred to as PD as one of the most common neurodegenerative diseases. PD affects mostly the neurons located in the nervous system. The affected neurons located in the basal ganglia cavity get deteriorated affecting the normal functions of the nervous system resulting in rigidity, tremor, and bradykinesia. The resulting PD conditions get worse with age making it complicated to treat and control. More studies have to be conducted in an effort to come up with better strategies to counteract the disease. In order to identify different treatment methods, the pathology of the disease has to be understood which has also proved to be a complex process. Studies conducted earlier have failed to identify the main factors behind PD irregular form making it almost impossible to come up with a single method of treating the disease. Parkinson’s condition normally affects the dopaminergic cells located in th e substantial nigra region by altering their normal activity of secreting dopamine. Dopaminergic cells form part of the neural circuits and once the circuit inside the basal ganglia is affected, the process of regulating movement will be inhibited.   The movement regulation process involves both the indirect and direct pathways which are responsible for inhibiting and facilitating movement respectively. This implies that when the dopaminergic cells are lost, the disease condition will result in a movement disorder. PD results to the loss of more the 70% of the dopamine cells at its onset which is later followed by dopamine terminals asymmetric loss taking place in the striatum. When a patient is affected by PD, his or her circuitry balance in normally lost. Such loss comes about as a result of dopamine depletion. The parts that are affected in this case are the indirect and direct pathways whose nuclei are responsible for inhibiting the thalamus. When the activities of these nuclei found in the pathways increase, the inhibition process is consequently increased reducing the normal movement of a person. Another conditions resulting to the disease is the degeneration process that takes place in the presence of proteinaceous inclusions, which include; intracytoplasmic and Lewy bodies (LBs) (Blandini 1). The Lewy bodies are located in the brain cells and consist of different types of proteins which after degenerating they give rise to the PD conditions affecting the brain and the nervous system. The LBs can be easily identified when they affect the brain cells as they are spherical in shape with a core that is central and granular with a fibrillary halo surrounding it as shown in figure 1 bellow. The SNC activities are responsible for some of the PD symptoms including movement execution, tremors and muscle rigidity (Blandini 6). Figure 1 showing a Lewy body located in the brain cell (Cuerda 102). The death of Nigral cells is normally facilitated by the presence environmental toxins and the reduced number of Nigral cells consequently results in protein aggregation and mitochondrial defects (Blandini 1). The death of nigral cell is thus one of the main causes of neuron degeneration. Some of the factors leading to nigral cell death through abnormal apoptosis regulation include; impaired mitochondrial activities, proteasomal impairment or glutamate receptors excessive stimulation (Cuerda 102). Several methods of treating and controlling PD have been proposed. Among the many strategies is the L-3, 4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) which is the oldest and the mostly commonly used (Schapira 102). L-DOPA treatment targets nervous system barrier between the brain and blood forming a reduced section of the brain as shown in the figure bellow. Once in the brain, L-DOPA is converted to the dopamine where it is broken down to form various systems of enzymes in the brain.

Utilitarianism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

Utilitarianism - Essay Example Self – interest is the main thread that binds egoism. In this case, what seems to be ethical with egoism is the importance of taking into account the effects of one’s exercise of ego, with rational thinking coming into play. There are some complications that come along with is a pointed out by Huemer, where ethical egoism cannot really give the personal satisfaction that is tantamount to the effort exerted (Huemer). With this condition, there is a need to understand that the philosophy itself is oftentimes problematic in terms of application and of practice. On a critical level, there is nothing wrong about being self – centered when it comes to needs or desires. However, indulgence might be a problematic condition that emerges henceforth. These two possibilities make egoism rather unwelcoming since both appear to be lacking rational self – judgment.  Self – interest is the main thread that binds egoism. In this case, what seems to be ethical with egoism is the importance of taking into account the effects of one’s exercise of ego, with rational thinking coming into play. There are some complications that come along with is a pointed out by Huemer, where ethical egoism cannot really give the personal satisfaction that is tantamount to the effort exerted (Huemer). With this condition, there is a need to understand that the philosophy itself is oftentimes problematic in terms of application and of practice. On a critical level, there is nothing wrong about being self – centered when it comes to needs or desires. However, indulgence might be a problematic condition that emerges henceforth. These two possibilities make egoism rather unwelcoming since both appear to be lacking rational self – judgment.   The weakness of ethical egoism comes when it lacks rational thinking. In most cases, egoism is used to underestimate others. This is no longer beneficial for an individual even if self – centered age nda comes with it. Pragmatically, people are always reinforcing their egos and use it to get what they need. Sometimes, some will use it not just for personal gain or personal glory. They use it for the benefit of others. If the self – centered tendencies are diverted to a greater good for that matter, then things will surely be better for everyone. That seems to possible and rational way to diverted egoism that is a way to egocentric to an egoism that can be more socially relevant.  

Marketing strategy of Kempinski (NOT a singel hotel but the global Research Proposal

Marketing strategy of Kempinski (NOT a singel hotel but the global brand) - Research Proposal Example The wine trade business of Kempinski has been quite active from 1862 (Kempinski, 2014a). However, after a short stagnation period, the company again flourished in Berlin. In the year 1872, the hotel chain was extended to Berlin. Then again, during World War II, the hotel at Berlin was completely destroyed. In 1994, Kempinski was taken over by Dusit Sindhorn by acquiring 52 percent stake of the hotel chain. This joint venture between Dusit and Siam Bank came to an end, when Dusit sold off the hotel chain to the latter (Kempinski, 2014a). This hotel chain is known for its deep-rooted traditions. Being one of the oldest chains of hotels in Europe, Kempinski provides a unique offering of cultural heritage and traditional architecture. As already mentioned, the hotel group has 75 hotels spread across 30 countries (Kempinski, 2014a). Nonetheless, the company is continuously expanding its base by adding new hotels in Middle East, Europe, Asia and Africa. The offerings include a portfolio of city hotels, historic hotels, residences and resorts. Few of the hotel brands that are famous worldwide are Berlin’s Adlon Kempinski hotel, Abu Dhabi’s Emirates Palace, Dresden’s Taschenbergpalais Kempinski hotel and Instanbul’s Çiragan Palace. The owners of Kempinski are also associated with establishing a global alliance of hotels that is active worldwide (Kempinski, 2014b). Kempinski caters to a wide range of customers in the premium and luxury segment. The hotel group’s target customers include wealthy and high profile individuals travelling for leisure, vacation or business. The hotels also cater to various incentive groups and business conferences. The hotels offer unique locations for meetings and seminars. The hotels support various restaurants, bars, spas and clubs; many of these are open to outsiders too. Thus, the hotels also offer services to outside customers. Market segmentation for Kempinski can be done according to specialty of its hotels.

World Religions Essay Example for Free

World Religions Essay The roles of women within the three major religious groups have changed throughout the years. Their beginnings; as-well-as, their current situation, have played an important part in how women are viewed within the Jewish, Christian, and Islamic communities. For this paper, I plan to examine what those roles were and how women in these faiths are now CEO’s, business owners, and important leaders within their respective communities. Roles of women within the Islamic faith vary from country-to-country. However, the roles of Islamic women are fairly standard and, in many countries, are open to interpretation based on how devoted they and their families are. The majority of Muslims live in more conservative countries, where women are required by law to be completely covered while in public or in the presence of men who are not family, or their husband. In these that require this of their women, those women are not allowed to work outside their homes. Their â€Å"job† is to maintain the household and tend to the children. In westernized countries, the burqua is seen as a symbol of repression for Islamic women. But for most of the women who live in the countries where it is required, they see the burqua as a means of protection for unwanted attention by the opposite sex. The â€Å"dress code† for these women have changed in ways that might not be apparent to the outsiders, but women now wear heels, brightly colored nail polish and other things that many westerners take for granted. Another change for conservative Muslim women, is the allowance of women to compete for their countries in athletic events such as the Olympics. They are still required to keep their legs covered, and are required to compete in their events wearing their head coverings and track suits. Conservative Muslim women are now allowed to walk around in public unaccompanied by a male, and they are slowing starting to enter the work force. Some Afghan women are even starting their own businesses outside their homes. In other Islamic countries where the laws concerning women aren’t as strict, women are attending public schools, universities, and raising up in the ranks of international corporations. The country of Jordan is one of these less strict countries. In an interview with Queen Noor al-Hussin of Jordan back in 1983, she states that Jordan was in the midst of a five-year development plan which emphasized the role of women in the development of a more modern Jordan. Islamic women all over the world have been given greater opportunities for education from primary up through the university levels. This increase in educational opportunities have led Islamic women to be able to serve in parliaments; such-as the Egyptian Parliament and even in the Egyptian cabinet. Islamic women has also been named director of national television stations, and even the Minister of Culture for Syria was a woman. It safe to say that Islamic countries, even those who are very traditional and conservative, are starting to realize that women are vital to their economy; as-well-as; vital to the needs of their own households. Within the next 20 years, Islamic women will no longer be forced to do anything they aren’t willing to do, nor suffer the harsh punishments that are dealt out when an Islamic woman wants to better herself. Furthermore, Islamic women in countries like Afghanistan, will continue to become heads of states, foreign dignitaries, business owners, and CEO’s, while maintaining their faith. Women’s roles within the Jewish communities have also changed. Women are and were, seen has being the heart of the home. Their role, according to Jewish law, was to be the primary vehicle of religious expression. Though for the most part, their role cannot be defined as simply that of mother, sister, or wife, but it assumes different forms as each women develops herself accordance with the general parameters of Jewish law and philosophy. Their roles have always been central and considered an asset to the Jewish communities, yet, they were limited and traditional and dominated their identities. In the more liberal synagogues, Jewish women now wear ritual garments and can read from the Torah, but at one time and even within the Orthodox Synagogues, women are forbidden to even hold a position of any meaningful leadership. However, a few years ago, a female was ordained as a Rabbi. This was a big step for Jewish women everywhere. It is now common in not only in a worship setting, but also, in a business setting for Jewish women; especially; women in the Orthodox Church, to hold jobs outside the home. Not long ago, Jewish women were not allowed to study the Torah, a right that was reserved for strictly the men. However, women are now starting their own Torah prayer groups which are being led by those same women. This, among other changes have caused heated debates within the Jewish world. In the future, not only will women in the more strict synagogues become leaders within their communities, but will also become future CEO’s, which currently, they are not allowed to do. One prime example is Gold Meir, the first Jewish Prime Minister of Israel from 1969 to 1974. If a Jewish woman can become Prime Minister, imagine what they could do, we could even have a Jewish woman as President of the United States. I saved Christianity for last. Christian women have had their own issues within the business world; however; since Christianity isn’t as strict as some of the other religions on what they considered to be the â€Å"proper† roles for women, their entrance into the business world was a bit easier. The roles of women within Christianity have changed. At one point, like in other religions, women were expected to take care of the household, their husbands and children. Their education wasn’t up to the same standards as men, and were not allowed to discuss anything that was considered to be â€Å"mans† talk. Colleges and Universities were open to only men; whereas; women went off to â€Å"finishing† schools where they learned how to be a â€Å"proper† hostess, etc. Things started to change at the turn of the 20th century. Women started to become doctors, lawyers, and owned and operated their own businesses. They went to college and were determined to be educated the same as men were. Just recently the tide has shifted and there are almost as many women in the corporate world has men. Some of those women even holding places of authority. Women will always have a place in the business world, regardless of their religion. Hopefully, those women who decide to go against the grain and become more than their communities feel they are, will help other women see their potential. Women may be able to manage a household, but there isn’t much of a difference between fighting children and fighting co-workers. They will and are using their â€Å"homemaker† skills in the business world and in the future, will led to better businesses, less ethical issues and a higher economy.

Subcapsular Orchiectomy Under Local Anaesthesia Nursing Essay

Subcapsular Orchiectomy Under Local Anaesthesia Nursing Essay Prostate cancer underwent bilateral subcapsular orchiectomy at our Hospital. In every patient, we performed orchiectomy under spermatic cord block by injection of 8-10 ml anaesthetic mixture (1% lignocaine and 0.25 % bupivacaine hydrochloride) to each spermatic cord and infiltrate at skin incision site. During the operation we monitored blood pressure, pulse rate, and record abnormal symptoms such as abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting and pain score of the procedure was assessed at the end of the operation. Results: 96 patients underwent operation under local anesthesia, 91 patients tolerate the procedure well, while other 5 patients converted to general anaesthesia due to severe pain. 5patients developed scrotal hematoma, 2 patients developed infections one of them is admitted to control because the need for dressing and debridement Conclusion: Day case bilateral subcapsular orchiectomy in patient with advanced prostate adenocarcinoma under local anaesthesia is simple, save and coast effective Key words: Subcapsular orchiectomy, bupivacaine, lidocaine Correspondence should be addressed to:- Dr Awad Kaabneh. Tel +96277414388. email :- [emailprotected] P.O.POX:-Jordan-Mdaba 11710-986 Introduction: Huggins and Hodges (1941) described the androgen dependent nature of prostate cancer by the observation that surgical castration resulted in prompt relief of pain in patients with bone metastatic prostate cancer, and since that time hormonal manipulation in the treatment of prostate cancer has evolved(1,2, 3). Prostate cancer is the most frequent visceral malignancy and the second leading cause of death in American men. It has been estimated that approximately 184 500 new cases will be diagnosed and over 39 200 men will die from prostate cancer in the United States in 1998 (3, 4, 5, 6). The annual Medicare expenditure for prostate cancer is approaching $1.5 billion, of which a large portion is spent on androgen deprivation therapy. Androgen deprivation therapy can be achieved medically using luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LH-RH) agonist or surgically by bilateral orchiectomy. While the two approaches have similar efficacy, medical therapy is significantly more expensive than surgical therapy (4, 7, 8). The trend towards day case surgery in many countries is increasing (9); it is an efficient way of using resources and reducing waiting lists. Intrascrotal operations are particularly suitable for day case surgery (2, 3, 7, 9). Regional block techniques have been used for minor urological procedures and one such technique is spermatic cord block (2, 3, 7, 9). This is a simple, cost-effective technique suitable for adults undergoing intrascrotal surgery. It is particularly appropriate when the patient is considered a poor risk for general anaesthesia (9, 10, 11, 12, 13). We report our successful experience with local anaesthesia for a series of 96 patients undergoing a bilateral Subcapsular orchiectomy in Prince Hussein Urology Center Materials and Methods: Of 96 patients from April 2004 October2008 who were diagnosed prostatic cancer. They were nonlocalized prostatic cancer or physical status not suitable for radical prostatectomy surgery. We excluded patients who were allergic to bupivacaine hydrochloride, or having severe hypertension, recent MI, unstable angina, uncorrected bleeding disorder, paraplegia and neuro- sensory deficit. During the pre-operation we explained to the patient the procedure and provided anesthesia only on the scrotal content and scrotal skin at the incision site; he would feel some pain initially during the injection of anesthetic agent, and he might have some abdominal discomfort during the cord manipulation, and postoperatively he could ambulate immediately .The patient was not allowed to take anything by mouth after midnight before the procedure. Every patient was given an intravenous line and an anaesthetist was on stand-by to give anesthesia if spermatic cord block did not work. The scrotum is prepared by pre-operative shaving and is cleansed using 10%povidone -iodine solution and draped in sterile fashion .The anaesthetic agent is a mixture of 1%lidocaine and 0.25 % bupivacaine hydrochloride was selected, the patient was in supine position. The pubic tubercle is palpated; the cord was trapped between the index and middle fingers of the surgeon; 1 cm below and medial to the tubercle was the injected point, infiltrate at skin and pass the needle vertically down to the anterior aspect of the pubic bone. In it course the needle, thus passes through the spermatic cord, 8 -10 ml of anesthetic solution is injected through the cord at slightly different angle and the needle entering the blood vessel be aware of. The instilled volume of anaesthetic solution causes visual ballooning of the grasped segment of the spermatic cord; this bulge is then gently squeezed between the thumb and index finger to disperse the anesthetic fluid within the spermatic cord. After the spermatic cord was blocked the skin at the incision site was infiltrated with 3-5 ml anesthetic fluid, 3 -5 minutes before the start of the operation so that drug became effective. Orchiectomy was performed in the midline raphae incision with epididymis sparing fashion to create a round structure mimic a small testis for cosmetic result. A longitudinal incision is made through the tunica albuginea of the testis along its free border, exposing the seminiferous tubules. The internal contents of the testis are quickly freed from the side walls by gentle squeezing the outside of the capsule. This is the most sensitive part of the procedure but if discomfort is experienced, more anesthetic fluid can be injected directly into the cord. The tubules can be disconnected at the testicular hilum using scissors. Any tissue remaining on the inside of the capsul e is removed and meticulous haemostasis is established by diathermy. The capsule is resutured with a continuous layer of 3 vicryl. The procedure is repeated on other side through the same skin incision and the wound closed using 3 vicryl to the tunica vaginalis and covering layers, and 4 subcuticular dexon to the scrotal skin. The procedure is completed by local dressing, a large gauze pressure pad and a scrotal support to prevent haematoma formation. During the operation, the patient was monitored and blood pressure, pulse rate and abnormal symptom were recorded; when surgery finished the patients pain score of the procedure (including pain of anaesthetic injection) was assessed immediately by using visual analog pain scale (0 = no pain, 5 = moderate pain and 10 = worst possible pain) . At 1-week follow-up, the patients symptom and wound were evaluated again. Discussion: An LHRH agonist is the preferred first option to treat patients with advanced prostatic cancer. However, clinical studies have suggested that an orchiectomy is superior to an LHRH agonist in that it more rapidly achieves castrate levels of testosterone, avoids the testosterone flare, is less expensive, and has superior therapeutic compliance (1, 8, 10, 14). If there were a castration procedure that did not adversely affect life satisfaction and the male image, this option might become more frequently recommended and chosen. Several attempts have been made to achieve this goal. In 1942, Riba pioneered the subcapsular orchiectomy, a procedure that involved the removal of the testicular parenchyma and the simple closure of the tunica albuginea (10, 13, 16, 17, 19). No difference was observed between patients who underwent a bilateral total orchiectomy and a subcapsular orchiectomy in preoperative and postoperative testosterone or luteinizing hormone levels( 5,17,19).Most importantly, serum PSA and 3-year survivals for patients undergoing a bilateral total orchiectomy and a subcapsular orchiectomy were determined to be similar (3,10). The technique of spermatic cord block is base on the anatomy 🙠 2, 3, 4, 18) .as the cord emerges from the external ring, it passes over the pubic tubercle and the shifted medially to the scrotum. In this region it is closely associated with the ilioinguinal nerve and the genital branch of genitofemoral nerve, which supply the testis and its covering, the epididymis and the vas deferens but not the scrotal skin. The scrotal skin receives sensory supply from the pudendal nerve and the perineal branch of the posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh; therefore it needs to be infiltrated with the anesthetic agent separately from spermatic cord block (5, 9, 11, 12). Good result of spermatic cord block facilitates a successful orchiectomy. No complication related to anesthesia was detected in the series. The advantage of spermatic cord block is its short time of recover, low cost and may be performed in patient who has high risk of anesthesia (7, 11, 14, 18). 10 patients numbered thei r visual analog pain scale 10. Five had underlying anxiety disorder, while the other 5 one had severe pain that needed to be converted to general anesthesia which might have caused by his obesity (BW 86.5 kg, HT 165 cm, BMI 31.77 kg/m2; mean BW = 62.55 kg; patients who had success operation whose BW was in the range of 45 68 kg). other 4 patients have huge inguinal hernias that also make procedure more difficult .Obesity made it difficult to palpate the cord and inject anesthetic agent to the correct point, so the spermatic cord block did not work well. Three patients had bradycardia (pulse rate = 50|min. 49|min.54/ min) which might due to his vagovagal reflex when the cord was under traction; however they developed no other symptom or hypotension. Intrascrotal procedures can be performed easily with spermatic cord block rather than general anaesthesia. This offers advantages to both the patient and the treating hospital. For the patients the length of time spent in the recovery room, the chances of intraoperative anesthetic complications and the need for postoperative analgesia are all reduced. For the hospital the obvious advantages in terms of bed occupancy and cost saving may be realized (5, 9, 11, 12) We evaluated the cost-effectiveness of androgen suppression strategies for men with advanced prostate cancer. Our principal finding is that the effectiveness of orchiectomy is much less expensive. The subcapsular technique bypasses the need for prosthesis thus contributing to a lower cost when compared to total orchiectomy. Result: Of the 96 patients age 65 83 yr (mean =71.11 yr), operative time 20 55 min (mean 36.00 min), amount of anesthetic mixture 10 30 ml (mean = 20 ml) orchiectomy under spermatic cord block were successful in 91 96 (94.79 %). Five patients failed because they had so severe pain that needed to be converted to general anesthesia. Three patients had bradycardia (pulse rate = 50|min. 49|min.54/ min), 2 patients had tachycardia (pulse rate = 124/min, 102/min). None of patients had hypotension, nausea or vomiting. No complication related to the anesthesia nor the procedure was seen. Most of the patients felt little pain especially when monopolar electrocautery was used to cut the tissue or stop bleeding. Post-operatively, all of the patients ambulated immediately; 86 patients (89.47 %) rated their visual analog pain scale between 0 6; 10 patients (10.42%) numbered their visual analog pain 10 (5 of them converted from local to general anesthesia). When classify to mild (pain score 0-3/10), m oderate (pain score 4-6/10), and severe pain (pain score 7-10/10). 59 patients (61. 46 %) were in mild pain group, 27 patients (28.13 %) had moderate pain and severe pain in 10 patients (10.42 %) table-1. At 1-week follow-up, 2 patients suffer from surgical wound infection , one is admitted to hospital for dressing and debridement, the other treated as outpatient with wound dressing and oral antibiotic treatment; 5 patients had scrotal hematoma which improved with time and conservative treatment. Conclusion: Bilateral subcapsular orchiectomy is safely done under local anaesthesia, simple and coast effective. For preoperation, the patient needs to be explained the procedure and some symptoms that he may experience during the operation. Spermatic cord block is not suitable in patient with anxiety or obesity. They should receive general or spinal anesthesia.

Saddam Hussein :: essays research papers

Saddam Hussein   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Middle East is an extremely volatile region of the world, and much of the current instability may be due to one man, Saddam Hussein. During the last few years, under Hussein's direction, Iraq has gone from being an oil rich country to a country that is suffering major embargoes and is low on supplies. Iraqi leaders are trying to leave as they realize how power can corrupt a man. If Hussein stays in power, the future looks bleak for the Gulf region.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Iraq used to be a prosperous country. Oil was the main source of income for the area. During the Iran-Iraq War (Gulf War 1), which was from September 1980 to August 1988, Iraq went from being a wealthy country to a very poor country, nearly over night. Hussein had used all energy available in that war, and he came out of it losing over 1/3 of the entire male population of Iraq (Allman 61). Saddam feels that is actions were justified because he believes the Iran-Iraq war was a conspiracy by the US, Britain, and Israel to undermine Iraq (Kondrache 11). This leads people of the world to believe that this is a man who will stop at nothing to achieve what he wants. He was willing to risk his whole nation for a more money. High financial priorities? Survey says â€Å"yes† .   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The basis on which Hussein is in power is controversial. He was not elected to his position, he took it. There was a military coup in 1968 that led him and his Ba'ath party to power. He was not elected, as until last year, there had not been an election since the coup (Cooperman 49). This says that Hussein has been a tyrant from the start, and his need for power is incredible. He wants complete domination of the Middle East, if not the world.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Iraq is now a country struggling to survive. It is in the midst of an embargo, and the people are suffering. Death rates are up, and the amount of food available is declining. Saddam is displaced from his people, though. He is not feeling the same effects as they are.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Pursian Gulf War erupted in 1990 with Hussein ordering an invasion of neighboring Kuwait, on the grounds that Kuwait was stealing oil from in Iraqi oil field. The US became involved in this war for the next year, and they successfully pushed Iraq out of Kuwait. Iraq, however, feels that it won this war. The leaders of Iraq were still in power after the war ended, so the

Sonnys Blues (An Insight) Essay -- essays research papers

Baldwin’s â€Å"Sonny’s Blues†, set in Harlem in 1957, was largely about the struggles of an ethnic minority and the stagnation they feel, but moreso how two brothers come to understand each other due to their struggles and from years of living their own, very different lives.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Baldwin’s constant, detailed, reflections helped me immensely in understanding this story. I feel that they served as a constant reminder of the social context in which this story takes place. It helped to have those incessant reminders because I kept thinking it takes place in recent years, versus the 1950s, before the Civil Rights Movement was in full swing. The biggest idea that I had to keep in mind was that the racism (ultimately leading to stagnation/oppression) presented in the context was â€Å"accepted† at this point in time. By â€Å"accepted† I mean that there were not yet any written laws in place to protect blacks against these acts, not that the actions were morally correct or acceptable.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sonny’s side of the story represented one perspective of the African American experience in this time period. He accepts his status & tries to live within the black culture and deal with it distress that goes along with it, just to keep his dignity. At first, he channels his afflictions through music. There eventually becomes a time in his life when can no longer deal with the pain or suffering and Sonny takes the well-beaten path of turning to heroin, t...

Lessons Learned in Kate O’Brien’s Land of Spices Essay -- Land Spices

Lessons Learned in Kate O’Brien’s Land of Spices Kate O’Brien’s Land of Spices is a good read especially if the bookworm is from a catholic school upbringing. The story’s contents complete with the antics of the girls and the lack of patience in the sisters is recognizable from memories drawn on similar events. The nuns’ softer emotions were hidden away from the students and only their hard-heartedness evident in the school’s classrooms. In sixth grade during the fall of 1963 after President Kennedy was shot and killed in Dallas, Texas, a Dominican sister was seen at school with tears in her eyes. At this moment the realization descended upon the enrolled that there was flesh and blood under that habit and not an alien being. O’Brien addresses Catholicism, homosexuality and love in her novel with creativity and realism for the times. On a negative note, the liberal use of the French language is a reminder that this book was written with the rich and cultured person in mind and become s aggravating to this unenlightened one. In reading the excerpt from The Land of Spices by Kate O’Brien contained in â€Å"The Penguin Book of Irish Literature†, this reader is at once aware of the descriptive words with which Helen (the eventual Reverend Mother of the novel) depicts her father, Henry Archer. She presents him in the passage as a man who is â€Å"very beautiful†¦different from other men†¦with curly, silky hair and eyes that shone like stars† and goes on further to say that â€Å"his face grew more beautiful as one drew nearer to it†. 1[1] Perhaps, this feminine portrayal is a less than subtle hint into Henry Archer’s being for in revealing him as a man with a feminine countenance and inevitably finding him locked in a loving embrace... ...ontrol to temperance to love. Despite the rocky relationship between Helen and her father she inadvertently learned patience from him as he continues to love her despite her attitude and she in turn awaits Anna’s realization of her interest and love. Helen and Anna learn temperance in their everyday dealings with Mother Mary Andrew. The greatest lessons are those of dedication and commitment as Helen in the role of Reverend Mother becomes the best nun she can be despite a decision made under duress. Notes: [1] From The Penguin Book of Irish Fiction p. 475. [2] From The Penguin Book of Irish Fiction p. 475. [3] From The Penguin Book of Irish Literature p.485. [4] O’Brien, Kate. The Land of Spices, p.20. [5] O’Brien, Kate. The Land of Spices, p.252. [6] O’Brien, Kate. The Land of Spices, p104. [7] O’Brien, Kate. The Land of Spices, p. 110.

Lynching: Black People and New York Essay

The titles of the works are â€Å"The Lynching†, â€Å"Bitter Fruit of the Tree†, and â€Å"Song for a Dark Girl†. These poems were written by Claude McKay, Sterling Brown and Langston Hughes. The genres for these works are horror, realistic fiction, and poetry. â€Å"The Lynching† was published in 1920, â€Å"Bitter Fruit of the Tree† was published in 1939, and â€Å"Song for A Dark Girl† was published in 1927. These poems are all relevant to the essay because they are about lynching and their experience on it. Each poem describes the horrors of lynching and how each of the characters’ beliefs and perspective comes into play. The word â€Å"lynching† roughly means to falsely execute an individual in a mob. It is a terrible crime that happened during the 19th century in southern states. They did these heinous crimes to African Americans because they wanted to have white supremacy over them. They performed many different kinds of execution all in public to strike fear in hearts of blacks. But they did not only murder African Americans, they also lynched some specific white people too. The most likely killed whites that sympathized with the black community. The police didn’t little to nothing to prevent or stop the unjust killings. In fact most of the time, the officers participated in them. Enforcing lynching laws was nearly impossible, and so people didn’t dare to try and stop them in fear of becoming victims themselves. Because of these outbreaks of unreasonable murders, many people was killed and many loved ones were lost. These poems are a few examples of how each of the authors viewed, experienced, and approached lynching. Claude McKay, Sterling Brown and Langston Hughes all have their own experience and thoughts about lynching; as they express them in their literature. All three of them write about a different perspective on the matter. In general, they all thought the same about lynching as evil, but there are significant differences on how they showed and themed lynching. In McKay’s work, â€Å"The Lynching†, McKay tells a story of a black man that was burned to death by a mob, and how the women and children dance and celebrated for their accomplishment. The theme of the poem is human corruption. He views these people as a diseased population that might one day affect the well-being of society. Any logically person would think how anyone could celebrate after committing a hideous sin. Because of this McKay believed that these crimes of the ignorant society will corrupt the children, and turn them into future murderers. He saw how corrupted they already were when the â€Å"little lads, lynchers that were to be, Danced round the dreadful thing in fiendish glee. † This means that the kids will think something like is natural or right because their parents. If nothing was done, lynching would be intergraded into their culture. At this point they don’t know the difference from right and wrong. They don’t understand the cruelty and disturbing act that was committed right in front of them. This supports the fact that McKay believes lynching can be infectious to society especially to the children. He believes that because of how the children were acting around the dead body. McKay can predict what will become of them in the future. Sterling Brown had a different approach to lynching for he believes that white people are arrogant. They are so arrogant that it doesn’t matter if they killed African Americans because to them blacks are dispensable. They use lynching as a tool to control the black community with fear. White supremacy was so extreme that they believe it was right to kill blacks and treat them like animals. According to the poem, it is a story about his family and all the hardship that they had to endure. Two of his grandmother’s sons were taken away from her, his grandfather was beaten to near death when he tried to escape, and his father’s was used to do hard labor without any type or reward or pay. It’s like telling them that there is no reason to get mad because everything is rightfully theirs and if you tried to stop them, there will be consequences. The white supremacy believed that â€Å"lynching was seen as the most effective means of control†. They used that fear of death or beatings to control the future generation. Because of that, they believe that they can do anything they want to them like. For example, the father that was being used for all his hard work planting the crops didn’t get anything in return. He didn’t dare stand up to them in fear of being beaten or killed like his father was. This evidence supports the idea of the white supremacy thinks that they are better than blacks and can control them by using fear tactics. Because of that, they think they can do whatever they please without consequences. Langston Hughes also had a different opinion about lynching. Hughes believes that lynching mainly occurs in the southern states, and that the white supremacy will Unjustly execute anyone who they despise and hate. He also believes that no one was willing to help the victims because they don’t to become victims themselves. In Hughes’ poem, â€Å"Song for a Dark Girl†, the girl’s lover is badly beaten and hanged right in front of her. The theme in this poem is helplessness to do anything and just observe. Hughes is â€Å"less concerned with wrong and right than with circumstance and effect†. He already knows that lynching is evil, but he is more concerned about how the other people would react and what they would do. It had a great effect on the girl because now she questions and doubt her faith. The girl couldn’t have done anything for him, and instead pray to white Jesus. At last, it was in vain because her lover was hung naked on a tree. He was killed for no good reason, and no one tried to stop it. While watching the event, she â€Å"asked the white Lord Jesus, what was the use of prayer? † The lover’s body symbolizes Jesus and how he died for the sins of others. This proof shows Hughes thought process. He focused on the girl’s reaction and feelings instead of the actual lynching. The girl could only watch as her lover was being lynched and feeling of helplessness broke her heart. She could only describe the horrible scene that she witness. She lost faith in the white Jesus that she used to believe in. All of these poems describe the horrors of lynching and how the authors felt, thought, and believed about the topic. McKay believed that lynching will corrupt the children and future traditions. Brown knew that the white supremacy used lynching as a tool to control people with fear. Hughes focused on the effects and consequences of lynching than the action of doing it. Even though all their ideas, views, and beliefs were a bit different, they are all connected to one another. The White supremacy used lynching to control people, which in turn make the children want to imitate their parents. When that happens, it will become a tradition and spread like an infection. What would you do if you witness lynching during this time period and how would you feel? Would you try to stand up to the wrong doers knowing that you’re putting yourself in danger? Citations Baym, Nina, ed. The Norton Anthology of American Literature, Packet II. 7th ed. New York: Norton, 2007. McKay, Claude. â€Å"The Lynching. † The Norton Anthology of American Literature, Packet II. Baym, Nina, 7th ed. New York: Norton, 2007. Brown, Sterling. â€Å"Bitter Fruit of the Tree. † The Norton Anthology of American Literature, Packet II. Baym, Nina, 7th ed. New York: Norton, 2007. Hughes, Langston. â€Å"The Lynching. † The Norton Anthology of American Literature, Packet II. Baym, Nina, 7th ed. New York: Norton, 2007. Crutchfield, Victoria. â€Å"The Broken Heart: Community in Langston Hughes â€Å"Song for a Dark Girl†Ã¢â‚¬ isites. harvard. edu. Expose, n. d. Web. 2006-2007 â€Å"The Negro Holocaust: Lynching and Race Riots in the United States, 1880-1950† yale. edu. Yale-New Haven Teachers Institute, n. d. Web. 2012 Tidwell, John. â€Å"Sterling A. Brown’s Life and Career† english. illinois. edu. Modern American Poetry , n. d. Web. 1997 United States. YungJames88. â€Å"BBC’s Racism: History- A lynching in Texas in 1916† YouTube. YouTube, Web. 5 Oct. 2011.

Presidential vs. Parliamentary Government Essay

Every nation, ever since the dawn of civilization, has always had some form of government. It is of necessity rather than need, as a nation without one will always result to anarchy. Today, two of the most popular and well-known forms of government are the presidential form of government and the parliamentary form of government. Each form of government has it’s own pros and cons, and the debate of whether one is better than the other has long been a subject of discussion.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The main difference between the two forms of government is how the extent governmental powers are distributed and/or separated between branches of the government, and whether one branch has or does not have power over another. In the presidential form of government, political and administrative powers are distinctly divided between the executive branch (the President), the legislative branch (i.e., the congress/senate), and the judiciary branch. The powers vested in the executive branch is usually balanced against those given to the legislature. Laws and bills are made by the legislature and it is the executive branch which enacts it. The President has the power to veto the bill, preventing it’s execution, but the legislature may override the President’s veto, provided they can gather enough votes to do so (â€Å"Parliamentary versus Presidential governments†). This serves as a check and balance for both branches, ensuring that one does not overpower the other.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the parliamentary form of government, however, there is a fusion of power between the legislative and executive branch. This is mostly due to the fact that the head of government, the Prime Minister, is voted into position by the legislature, which is often mostly composed of the ruling party or coalition. Hence, almost always, the constituents of the executive and the legislature branches are the same (â€Å"Governing Systems and Executive-Legislative Relations†).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The terms of office for both heads of the government also varies. In the presidential system of government, the President serves a specific, defined term. In the parliamentary system, the Prime Minister stays in power for as long as he or she has the support of the majority of the legislation. Political parties also hold less of an impact on the presidential system than on then parliamentary system since the President can still be voted in office regardless of whether his or her political party is a minority or not. In parliamentary system, it’s almost always the ruling party which holds dominance over the outcome of the election of head of government.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Given the choice, from the points stated, I would rather be a citizen of a country ruled by a parliamentary government, like the United Kingdom. There is more cohesion and unity given the fact that the legislative and the executive powers come from one ruling, common party. This would mean that bills are passed much quicker. Also, ethnicity, race, and ideology won’t be much of a conflicting factor, especially for a very diverse country, since power is equally divided amongst the legislators, and not just focused on one (e.g. the President). Lastly, a study conducted by the World Bank has found out that a parliamentary system is associated with lower corruption (Lederman, Loayza, & Soares, par. 1). Works Cited â€Å"Governing Systems and Executive-Legislative Relations.† UNDP: Governance: Political   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   systems and their impact on Governing Relations. 2006. 18 December 2007.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Lederman, Daniel and Normal Loayza and Rodrigo R. Soares. â€Å"Accountability and   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Corruption: Political Institutions Matter.† World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 2708. 2001. 18 December 2007. â€Å"Parliamentary Versus Presidential Governments.† eSSORTMENT. 2002. 18 December 2007.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  

The Meaning of Beauty

The Meaning of Beauty Man vs. Woman From the beginning we are taught that God created man, and from man he created woman. It’s funny how different a man’s thoughts can be compared to a woman’s, considering the woman was created from the man. Their views on beauty, amongst other things, prove to be a perfect example of this. Centuries ago the Greeks saw â€Å"[B]eauty as a virtue: A kind of excellence† (Sontag 117). While this is still a shared view between men and women today, they share different views on how this excellence is achieved.Both men and women agree that beauty has two parts, inner and outer; yet men recognize beauty as success, leaning more towards inner beauty, while women recognize beauty as how one looks, leaning more towards outer beauty. It has been observed that â€Å"[w]e not only split off—with the greatest facility—the â€Å"inside† (character, intellect) from the â€Å"outside† (looks); but we are actual ly surprised when someone who is beautiful is also intelligent, talented, good† (Sontag 118).Both men and women make this mistake, it never fails to amaze people that a person can be smart and good looking at the same time. Society has made it seem like the good looking get everything handed to them because of their physicality; however that is not always true. It is just the fact that it is human nature to immediately observe and judge by the outward appearance according to the worldly views instilled in people growing up, for example: magazines, TV, internet, etc.Both men and women would agree that for millennia â€Å"beauty has continued to lose prestige† (Sontag 118). Women not only have different expectations of beauty compared to men, but also seem to be confused by the definition of beauty itself. Sontag states that a whole society has identified being feminine with caring about how one looks (118). â€Å"Hollywood† has seriously messed up the views of wom en on the topic of beauty: For the ideal of beauty is administered as a form of self-oppression. Women are taught to see their bodies in parts, and to evaluate each part separately.Breasts, feet, hips, waistline, neck, eyes, nose, complexion, hair, and so on—each in turn is submitted to an anxious, fretful, often despairing scrutiny. (Sontag 119) For women it is not just the thought of a bad appearance during the day, but also the question of how the millions of pieces are contributing to it. Unfortunately, their solutions are not always the wisest. Instead they do what they believe will cure their problems the fastest. Weather it is not eating for that day or coating their faces with make-up in order to cover up that one, little blemish.Women mistake their appearance to be their only form of power. Most women believe â€Å"it is not the power to do but the power to attract† (Sontag 119). No matter how hard a woman works and how far she goes, she must always show that she works just as hard to be attractive, â€Å"[d]amned if they do—women are. And damned if they don’t†¦ [N]othing less than perfection will do† (Sontag 119). A woman can be told thousands of times that there is no such thing as perfection, yet that is what she will always strive to achieve. Men, on the other hand, have very different views on beauty.Men are not beautiful; they are handsome: â€Å"Handsome† is the masculine equivalent of—and refusal of—a complement which has accumulated certain demeaning overtones, by being reserved for women only†¦[T]heir essence is to be strong, or effective, or competent†¦[W]hich is to be identified with caring about what one is and does and only secondarily, if at all, about how one looks. (Sontag 118) Men do not focus on how they look physically, but on what and how much they accomplish. A man would rather be seen as strong and dependable in comparison to skinny and well liked.Men have th e view of, take it or leave it. They are more focused on their success, rather than their appearance: In men, good looks is a whole, something taken in at a glance. It does not need to be confirmed by giving measurements of different regions of the body, nobody encourages a man to dissect his appearance, feature by feature. As for perfection, that is considered trivial—almost unmanly. Indeed, in the ideally good-looking man a small imperfection or blemish is considered positively desirable. Sontag 119) Men know that there is no such thing as perfection; therefore they see no reason to shoot for something impossible to obtain. Women see the imperfections in themselves as unacceptable, yet find the blemishes of men attractive. The opposite opinions of men and women on the topic of beauty have continued for years and show no evidence of changing. While men spend their time climbing the career ladder all the way to the top, women focus more on how they will look climbing that lad der.Men have sustained the belief that beauty is seen as success, while women continue to believe that beauty is all about how one looks. Men and women still hold to their original ideas of beauty, but have found certain ways to individualize themselves too. As time goes on it is becoming clearer that beauty truly is in the eye of the beholder. Works Cited Sontag, Susan. â€Å"Women’s Beauty: Put Down or Power Source? † 75 Readings Plus. Ed. Santi V. Buscemi and Charlotte Smith. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2010. 117-119. Print.

Balance Sheet and Following Account Balances

Retained earnings 109,oho 712,000 712. 000 b. Actual sales for December and budgeted sales for the next four months are as follow s: – December (actual) 2800 units It is expected that sales will increase by 40% in the month of January and by a further 50% in the next month. The following month sales would drop by 50% an d then will will ream remain in cons Tanta for for the next next 2 moon months this – The management will not alter the selling price, which is currently $100 – Management wants finished goods inventory to be 20% of the following month's sales – One units of finished goods require 2 kilos of raw materials. –The price of materials is currently $10 per kilo and is expected to increase by 50% in February hereafter it will remain constant for the next four months. – The management wants raw materials inventory to be 10% of the following month's p reduction needs – Each unit of product requires 2 hours of direct materials fo r completion. – The laborers are expected to work for a total of 4000 hours per month at a wage rat e Of $6 per hour. Any additional work requires an overtime payment of time and a half. – Manufacturing overhead: variable: $5 per labor hours worked; fixed $17000 per MO nth. – Sales are 20% for cash and 80% on credit.Half of the credit sales are collected in the month following sale while the remaining half is collected in second month after the sales. The accounts receivable at December 31 are a result of December credit sales. – Monthly expenses are budgeted as follows: salaries and wages, $10,000 per month: a advertising, $70,000 per month; shipping, 5% of sales; other expenses, 3% of sales. Depreciation, I including depreciation on new assets acquired during the quarter, will be $42,000 for the quart err. – One- half of a month's raw materials purchases is paid for in the month of purchase; the to her half is paid in the following month.Shipping expenses are paid in the month following the shipment. , while advertising I s paid in one month's advance. During February, the company will purchase a new copy machine for $1,700 cash. Du ring March, other equipment will be purchased for cash at a cost of $84,500. – During January, the company will declare and pay $45,000 in cash dividends. – Management wants to maintain a minimum cash balance of $30,000. The company h as an agreement with a local bank that allows the company to borrow in increments of $1,0 00 at the beginning of each month. The interest rate on these loans is 1% per month and for is

If we were asked what if the greatest and most distinctive achievement Essay

If we were asked what if the greatest and most distinctive achievement performed by Englishmen in the field of jurisprudence I cannot think that we should have - Essay Example The essence f a trust is that it is an obligation concerning property which is enforceable in the courts which will control the trustees and, in rare cases, even carry out the trust. There must thus be beneficiaries who can apply to the court to enforce their rights. It follows that a trust must be created for the benefit f persons but not for a purpose unless that purpose is charitable, for a purpose can not sue, but if it be charitable the Attorney General may sue to enforce it. It is therefore the beneficiary principle which will often be the deciding factor in whether a case is successful as a purpose trust or not. The leading case for the theory is that f Morice v. Bishop f Durham . The testatrix in this case had bequeathed all her property to the Bishop f Durham upon trust for 'such objects f benevolence and liberality as the Bishop f Durham in his own discretion shall most approve of.' It was held that the trust was not charitable and could not stand as a private trust either because it had no specific beneficiaries and had been made purely for a purpose. 'Every other trust must have a definite object. There must be somebody in whose favour the Court can decree performance.' Sir William Grant MR. Administrative workability is also essential in that there is a certainty f who the trust is to benefit. Lord Eldon said this in Morice v Bishop f Durham: "As it is a maxim that the execution f a trust shall be under the control f the court it must be f such a nature that it can be under that control; so that the administration f it can be reviewed by the court, or the court itself can execute the trust: a trust, therefore, which in case f maladministration could be reformed and a due administration directed." It then follows that the trust must not be impossible to perform. A time limit as to the life span f the trust is also often necessary so as not to have it go on forever because it may not be in the public interest. Finally, if the purpose f the trust is capricious, useless, wasteful, harmful, illegal or otherwise contrary to public policy, it will obviously fail. There are a number f exceptions to the invalidity f purpose trusts, however it is the general dislike f these trusts that have lead to them being recognised as 'troublesome, anomalous and aberrant' .: Re Endacott [1960] presented a gift to the parish council for "the purpose f providing some useful memorial to myself". Harman LJ at first instance refused to uphold such a trust and said 'these cases stand by themselves and ought not to be increased in number, nor indeed followed, except where one is exactly like another'. However, it was eventually held to be valid on the reasoning that it asses to and improved the fabric f the church. A further exceptional case was that f Re Hooper [1932] in which it was held to be a valid purpose trust because it had been limited in perpetuity. Most instances f cases, known as the 'monument' cases, are found to be subject to rules f perpetuity and will therefore be valid. Trusts for the saying f masses are often also valid because there is a close religious link; Re Hetherington [1990] . Trusts for the maintenance f particular animals (such as in the case f Re Dean (1889)) may also be held valid because there is the ability to establish certainty f object, being the animals. It is a general rule that the law does not recognise non-charitable purpose trusts and they are

Reflection paper on the film awakenings with Robin Williams Essay

Reflection paper on the film awakenings with Robin Williams - Essay Example +complete visual field has been offered by Dr. Sayer by painting the floor tiles. Lucy Fishman was one of the victims of the dangerous disease. The key objective of the doctor was to move Lucy from her bed to the window. The double vision symptom of the disease enables victims to create an instantaneous perception of dual images of a solitary object (Young 181). Visual field of the floor tiles has created two visions that helped Lucy to gently stride near the window. Music is pivotal therapy for patients to nullify the outcome of the disease. Encephalitis lethargica disease leaves certain patients motionless and speechless. Music can help victims to create change in the activity of cells to enhance the cellular responsive. Music is the method that helps to increase the cognitive process of an individual. The implementation of music improved the response to stimuli. The role of music for the betterment of the â€Å"frozen† people is undeniable. Emotional patients can be sensitive towards certain types of music. Each â€Å"frozen† people is studied for utilization of music. Different styles of music are played to dissimilar patients to induce. Songs that are from the past are played for the benefit of frozen people. Old music played for the patients helped to recognize the patter of music. This assisted â€Å"frozen† people to be consciously awake. Dr. Sayer stopped using L-dopa drug due to its adverse impact on â€Å"frozen† people. The use of this drug can make patients violent and effectively worsen the situation. Violent patients sometimes attack the doctors. At initial stage the use of drugs benefited patients to nullify the impact of the disease. The ability to perform task provided normally and motor movement of the patients were enhanced by the application of L-Dopa drug. But after regular use of this drugs made frozen people more aggressive and violent. Eventually patients returned in to catatonic and normal state. After epidemic of

Clean Water in the Environmental Policy Context Essay

Clean Water in the Environmental Policy Context - Essay Example Secondly, the maintenance of a pollution-free waterbody requires several technological and monitoring arrangements which can come at a high cost. Thirdly, water is an essential and abundant resource. People believe that they have the right to clean water. This therefore means that authorities need to ensure that waterbodies are clean and free of pollution. Additionally, the flora and fauna related to the ecosystems of rivers and other waterbodies have the right to be preserved. These three factors imply that federal and state governments have a primary obligation to ensure that water is free from pollution. The inherent nature of clean water issues means that government can only handle the issue of providing safe water through policy. This paper examines the challenges facing policymakers in providing clean water to the public. To this end, the focus will be on the Clean Water Act, 1977 which provides the basic policy framework to tackle this issue through pollution control programs and limitation of discharge into waterbodies (Summary of Clean Water Act, 2011). The research examines perspectives into the challenges facing this Act and comes up with recommendations on how to deal with these challenges. The paper undertakes a critical view of the recommendations and examines how it can be applied in reality. Clean Water Act 1977 The Clean Water Act was enacted â€Å"... to restore and maintain the chemical, physical and biological integrity of the nation's waters† (Section 101 a). This means that it provides a framework to ensure that practical steps are taken to prevent the pollution of our waterbodies. The Act empowers the US Environmental Protection Agency, US Army Corps of Engineers and the States to take reasonable steps to prevent the pollution of surface water in the country (National Research Council, 2008 p65). These parties work together with the other law enforcement agencies to ensure that all limits the law is followed appropriately in local jurisdictions. The Act was ammended in 1981, 1987 and 1990 (National Research Council, 2008 p265). The Act has six different Titles. Title I is about research and related programs. It sets out the goals of the act and the preamble it follows. Title II is about Grants for the Construction of Treatment Works. It shows how the various municipalities will be assisted to expand sewerage treatment plants. Title III is about Standards & Enforcement. It borders on discharge points, technology quality standards, water quality programs as well as criminal and civil provision for the enforcement of the law. Title IV outlines the federal and state certification and the issuance of permits and licenses needed for various potential polluters. Title V is about the facts that citizens can sue polluters and the procedures they can follow for that. It also describes the protections offered to whistleblowers. Title VI is about funding for State and local water pollution control systems. Policy Challen ges of the Clean Water Act There are three main significant challenges that can be identified in relation to the Clean Water Act. First of all, there is a major problem in relation to the uniformity of the application of the Act. Secondly, there is limited funding for treatment services as well as monitoring services to ensure that the Act is fully controlled and kept in motion. Thirdly, due to the apathy in the society and the existence of

In the instruction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

In the instruction - Essay Example The trans-Atlantic trade was based on the need for raw materials in Europe, the ability of Africans to provide slaves and the productivity of the American continents (Gunn 102). Through the trading contacts between America and Europe, settlers gained a stronghold of the American continent and consequently became the primary producers. When they eventually sought independence, they relied on European technology to establish themselves (Gunn 113). In addition, since they came from Europe, the spread European culture and introduced European religion. Therefore, Europe played a key role in determining the course of the American history, hence the validity of the propositions of Eurocentrism. With the emergence of the age of enlightenment, there was a shift in human values and slave trade was no longer acceptable in Europe. However, slave labor was a primary source of income in other places such as in sugar cane plantations in America. However, Columbian Exchange implied that Americans relied on European values (Brown 26). Therefore, the slave trade was increasingly banned in many places. The relevance of the European values was so great that the plight for abolishment was a leading reason for the outbreak of the American civil war. This shows the dominance of European values in the rest of the world, despite the existence of differences (Brown 35). Therefore, the concepts of Eurocentrism are valid because changes in Europe produced changes in the rest of the world. The implication is that Europeans determined, and continue to determine, the course of history It is true that the world history from the 18th century is centered on the impact of the Europeans on the rest of the world. From the 18th century, Europeans became colonialists and spread European culture and values to the rest of the world (Vanhaute 76). In many parts of the world, there

Letter of Advice Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Letter of Advice Paper - Essay Example Intimacy or interpersonal interactions in relationships such as romantic attachments and marriage are challenging. There are various barriers that hinder effective interpersonal interactions. One of these barriers is the different personalities individuals possess. With diverse personality, comes diverse perception that may lead to discrepancies in relationships as each person views their opinion as the right one. A second approach one can take is in light of the standpoint theory. Standpoint theory argues that individuals see the world differently because of their unique positions in society. Such positions are subject to factors such as level of education, cultural background and most importantly the sex of an individual, in regard to romantic relations. With each person having a different point of view on matters that affect both parties in the relationship, there is a likelihood that conflict may arise. Wood (2012), on the other hand, sees individualism as a base through which pe rsons can be united. In her book â€Å"Interpersonal Communication: Everyday Encounters†, she reports that identifying ones partner as a unique entity is the first step to understanding their intimate self. However, couples should not reflect on individualism in view of society as standpoint theory emphasizes. Uniqueness should stem from the relationships pattern and rhythm. For instance, one may ask themselves, does this relationship maintain a unique vocabulary with which the parties interact? For instance, one individual may prefer opening up while the other prefers to sort out their issues on their own. The uniqueness of an individual may be a source of severed interpersonal interactions. However, interpersonal communication helps one realize that these differences are the reason why individuals attract each other (the opposites attract rule). Acknowledging partners uniqueness is just laying a foundation on which other relationship matters will rest in the future. Persona l communication competencies need to be put in the limelight at all times during interactions between couples. Communication competence is the ability of the communicator to achieve the intended goal of their message. Regardless of the situation, communication always has a goal. The communicator can either wants to express a feeling or inquire something. For a couple to enjoy fruitful interpersonal communication, the communicator should feel that their goals excel. The communicating parties, therefore, need to understand the meaning intended by each message in every situation. Effective communication requires that each person is flexible in view of the needs of their partner. Secondly, when holding a conversation it is imperative that appropriateness prevail even in the face of overwhelming emotions such as anger or disappointment (Deetz, 2011). Stanley A. Deetz in his text â€Å"Communication Yearbook 16† analysis a psychological approach proposed by Schutz back in the year 1966. According to Schutz there are three guiding interpersonal needs one can satisfy in order to understand their partner, improve their communication competencies and sustain an intimate relationship. First both parties need to maintain affection in all their interactions. Secondly, the messages should not be aloof, and one sided to facilitate inclusion. Finally, both the messenger and the person

Focus Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Focus Paper - Essay Example It is also define as (biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a complex level (Gilligan, 1982). Development on the other hand, refers to the progressive series of changes of an orderly and logical type leading to the individual's maturation; this definition implies that for development to be progressive there is a direction in the manner in which changes occur, development is also coherent essentially because the sequence of changes that occur are related to each other and do not haphazardly or abruptly (Gilligan, 1982). It also vital to study the Importance of studying stages of development, factors in growth and development, for us to have a clear picture of how one's morality grows and develop, since morality matures along with individual'sgrowth and development. Importance of Studying Stages of Development. In many instances people meet children of varying ages and wonder why each of them displays different characteristics (Erikson, 1959).The focus of study of development precisely points to these observations. A teacher, who expects to meet the needs of his/her learners, must be aware of the variety of developmental differences among his/her learners.The knowledge of the pattern of human development will certainly help a teacher to know what to expect of children and at what approximate ages certain patterns of behavior may appear or are expected to appear. Planning for instruction should also be based on certain development principles, which to a great extent determine what type of learning and amount of learning are appropriate for different age groups.In other cases knowledge of developmental patterns will allow teachers to identify learners with developmental lags or delays so as to provide guidance and intervention as early as possible.Thus teachers must learn to recognize the significance of this knowledge to their teaching success as well as to the learning process (Boeree, 2003). Factors in Growth and Development. Two general factors influence human development namely: 1. Maturation or natural growth resulting from heredity; 2. Environmental Influences in and through which the growing takes place. These two are factors are so thoroughly interrelated that it is impossible to isolate their specific influences. Every individual is born with definite potentialities of development passed on to him by his parents through hereditary potentialities for many kinds of behavior patterns continue to develop for months or even years, this process by which heredity exerts its influence long after birth is called maturation (Erikson, 1959). Modes of behavior at a given time in the life of an individual are not determine by heredity or environment working alone, instead they are the product of the interaction between his inherited tendencies and potentialities and those environmental influences by which he is stimulated an that is the starts when one's morality grows and develops Beginnings of Morality. Babies have no scale of values and no conscience, they are therefore moral nor immoral but non-moral in the sense that their behavior is not guided by moral standards eventually they will learn moral codes from their parents, and later from their teachers and playmates as well as the necessity for

Information Systems Risk Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Information Systems Risk Management - Essay Example Often times in a project, expectations are not met that are defined in scope and the WBS.   Thus, creating contingency strategies is pivotal towards executing a successful project.   One of the most pivotal contingency strategies is to have a high incremental cost of resources. Resources are often less expensive when they are bought in bulk, but expensive if they are purchased incrementally.   Hence, it is critical to have software and other resources purchased in bulk to avoid paying extra money.   Another key strategy is to have collaborative sessions on a day-to-day basis.   Often times the project falls behind because individuals are not aware of unexpected circumstances that can occur. Keeping on track with their progress on day to day basis can be truly helpful in the long run. This becomes problematic as the project due date comes closer since many smaller tasks may not be captured in the WBS itself.One of the biggest concerns for closing a project is the end the fin er details of the store. This becomes more problematic the project does not achieve optimal results. This is where the project may fall. For instance, The Project Manager should produce confirmation from the Senior User or User Group that the final product or outcome of the project meets the acceptance criteria.  Often times in a project, expectations are not met that are defined in scope and the WBS.   Thus, creating contingency strategies is pivotal towards executing a successful project.

Assessment Methods Essay Example for Free

Assessment Methods Essay Question: Explain the main types of assessments and explain how you conduct or could conduct an initial assessment of learners Assessment is one of the main resources of learning. It is key to understanding and developing for both teacher and learners. Here are the different methods of assessments and how I would use them in my organisation. Initial Assessment: this method comes into play the minute the group of learners are introduced to a new teacher. It is a crucial part of their learning journey as it provides information needed to decide a learners starting point. It is the benchmark from which learners can progress and achievement can be measured. For example, teaching a new child on his or her first football session with my organisation, the teacher would need to assess age, physical attributes and most importantly if the child has every played or been taught before and if yes, to what standard. After this initial assessment it can then help the teacher plan a better programme for this individual and development can begin. Observation: Observing learners in action, whether it is certain drill or game situation is pretty much the main key to overseeing their developing firsthand. Also gauging their understanding, by them mirroring what they are being taught or shown. This can help the teacher grasp whether the teaching session has been successful and pitched at the right level. By viewing individual performances the teacher can assess this thoroughly and record notes of the session in the ‘evaluation section’ on the session plan. Formative Assessments: This is the ongoing assessment which takes place over the duration of the course to ensure each learner is or can demonstrate a progressive understanding of the learning objectives from each session. This can be done on an observational basis as well as QA (question and answer). For example, the teacher seeing a learner performing a skill that was taught as part of a drill in training and then progressing this into a game/match situation without being prompted. Witnessing this, noting it and then asking questions to that individual, such as – Why did you do that skill? Did it work? – allows that learner to gain some form of feedback on their actions in that situation. Question and Answer: QA is the obvious point of gauging what information has been taken on board by your learners. As well as learning the physical attributes of football, it is important learners know exactly why they are being taught a certain skill or drill and when and where they can use it in a game situation. So creating scenarios where learners can be shown something then questioned – why did we do this and can you think of a better way – will give the teacher a better understanding through the relevant responses from individuals or the group. This can be done on the pitch or broken down into a classroom situation. Getting answers from learners in a verbal or written way can help assess and test their awareness and knowledge in certain areas. Summative Assessment: This is the all important assessment that allows learners to gain that precious feedback in their development and standard of achievement in every object they undertake. Whether it is their performance in a football match or a task set within a training drill, the feedback given lays the path to progression for that learner within the task or match and allows the learner the chance to listen and acknowledge the teachers comments and take on board and develop for future situations. This can be delivered to them verbally or as a written player development report done on a weekly or monthly basis. Assessment Records: The records we keep on individuals are called Player Development Reports (PDR’s). The reason we keep those is to assess players’ progress throughout the course, from initial to final assessment. These are kept by the teacher and updated every session. They consist of the initial assessment, in which the teacher gathers all relevant information from them such as medical information, ability and special needs. This information is taken into consideration when setting aims and objectives. Learners will then be assessed to find their level, taking on numerous tasks and graded accordingly. This outcome again is recorded in their PDR to identify their needs and progression route. Following each session the teacher will add a comment in the PDR on what was achieved during the session and evaluating how well that individual participated, also commenting a note for development and new objectives. Along with learners PDR’s, the teacher will also assess the effectiveness of their teaching as each lesson goes by. This can be done through all forms of assessment, with the teacher evaluating their session judging on the understanding from each learner from that particular lesson. This will allow room for improvement or change of teaching style for further development within the group. This will all be noted in the ‘Actions for Development’ section of the evaluation page of the session plan. Record Keeping: Keeping records is one of the best methods to track progress, development and capability of all learners in your group. They also help keep the running of your organisation to a high standard, therefore making a good environment for learners to evolve. Throughout the course learners will be observed, assessed and tested through different methods in each objective they attempt or complete. These outcomes can be recorded through PDP’s (Personal Development Plans), test papers and documented one-to-one tutorials. These can be set aside and revisited at any point by learner or teacher. Keeping records, with regard to session plans and test results, etc, is also an important tool that allows teachers to evaluate and refine their sessions and any aspect of the rapport between teacher and learner that may need changing or improving, to ensure effectiveness when delivering a session. Also gauging who may need more help or who is ready for more extensive work. In my organisation the types of records we keep are slightly different but still as effective. As a football coach the records I keep consist of medical and incident forms, contact details of learner and venue, (including addresses), CRB numbers and coaches’ ID badges, also a copy of insurance. For obvious reasons these are kept safe and secure between sessions, but during sessions these would be on-hand with the coach in case of any accidents, incidents or emergencies.