Western Countries Influence on China in the 19th Century

For quite a long period of age, mainland china strugglee has had the largest economy in the world. Concepts such as use of money and developing of merchant class were introduced by the ancient china. The Chinese exhibited a treasonably sense of superiority as they believed that they had nothing to build by job with otherwise countries. The coarse was locked to external ap peck and it was not until after the Opium contend that the country was forcefully open up to the world, which carried both positive and detrimental make (Rawski, Para. 2).In the time of cold state of state of war, the literature which talked ab pop out mainland mainland chinawares development foc apply on two study issues, one was that the function in global trade was less likely to be assistive in search of stintingal development for poor countries. The second was that the subtlety and social structure of mainland China was a great impediment to its development. It was believed that lusty de velopment in the country would only a upraise after major and dramatic changes were carried out to the social structure and individual behavior (Overholt. 22). harmonise to Rawski (Para. ), the nineteenth century was in the Qing Period of the Canton trade and the brace of payment was in favor of Chinese as the silver adverted into the country. It was at this period that the British discovered a favorable marketplace for opium in China as it shipped opium from India. This refreshing discovery make the silver f misfortunate to reverse as outflow of silver increased. The balance of payment was no longer favorable as the trend decreased money summate in the economy. The resultant cause was a downward pressure on general prices of goods and services that lead to economic problems.The Qing court wanted to tap the outflow of silver and Commissioner Lin was sent to Canton in the efforts to stop the trade of opium. He confiscated property that belonged to the British traders and s unk this business. When the traders complained to their organisation, the British government responded with multitude pressure which lead to the opium war and unequal treaties arranging. The British soldiers easily outgunned the Qing forces as they had superior weapons. The Qing then surrendered in the year 1842 and the treaty of Nanking was signed.It on the wholeowed unrestricted European access to Chinese ports and the island of Hong Kong was ceded to Great Britain. During the war, farm atomic number 18as were destroyed, and millions of lives were lost that made Chinas income to f all(prenominal)(a). Another war that emerged between the British and the Chinese lead to grievous losses and British warships obtained unlimited access to all rivers in China provided they were navigable. All official Chinese documents were to be written in English (U. S. Department of State, Para. 10a).The system of unequal treaties had economic impact on China and it withal infringed on their semipolitical sovereignty. It conduct to the imposition of a free trade regime that allowed unlimited trade in all goods and services which eventually was obliged to allow abroad investment and foreign trade as well. The fact that China was large and far from the coast, was a reason that the foreign trade was not a large dowery of the economy. However, with the coming of new technology which involved rail road and telegraph, the Chinese were eager to utilize these opportunities.New commodities were olibanum adopted and organizational innovations implemented. In 1860s, the Qing dynasty initiated several institutional re put to works in order to deal with the problem of modernization (Gibson 59). The Chinese had a vague concept of European countries and it was not until the opium war that they tried to down the stairsstand the west roughly in earn of their ideologies, social and political structures. Technology was thus introduced into the country as a lot as solid ground a nd capitalism were recognized by the citizens.They realized that by beingness locked to other countries, they were left ignorant of meaning(a) concepts and ideologies from other countries. The need to conquer the west made them interested in understanding the west in form of their economic structures and political structures. It was certain that the defeat in the opium war was due(p) to the better technology lethal westward weapons, and strong ships. It was then that recover was underway in China (Beeching 47). Economic Reforms In the early nineteenth century, China was completely closed and isolated itself from other countries in the world. external trade was limited in the city of Canton and it was not until the opium war that led to the signing of Nanjing treaty, that Chinas ports were opened and occidental merchants put together their way into the Chinese market. The ensnare on Chinese economy was significant as they had least expected it. The effect of go-ahead up of China did not eat up just the negative effects but it to a fault had good and positive effects on the economy and social relationships which existed in the people of Qing Dynasty.Among the negative effects that we shall look in details are internal struggles, increase in the rate of crime, economic downfall in the city of Canton and the increase in the economic welfare at the cities of Shanghai and Hong Kong (Chesneaux, Marianne & Maie-Claire 7). Chinese topical anesthetic industries were affected by cheaper westbound machine made products. This created so much pressure on the local industries as they had to set and reform in order to compete with the horse opera merchants. The defeat of China in the opium war was enough to convince the Chinese that they were no longer the Heavenly Middle Kingdom that they always impression they were.They were thus awakened and exposed to the reality of progress (Gibson 32). Chinese were used to being self reliant as they had a self able d omestic trade. This was occasioned to a large extent by the fact that it has an colossal home trade. It has a vast land that their internal trade is sufficient to perform commercial operations. In opening up, China was able to match itself with other nations internationally and thus realized that it was no longer on top of the world. Chinese thus developed a sense of finding and a desire to improve their economy it was a period of wake the colossus (Chesneaux, Marianne & Maie-Claire 53).Various economic repercussions were obtained after the opening of China. The flourish of foreign trade was evident as China increased its merchandise from 7. 5 million kilograms of tea in 1843 to 42 million kilograms in 1855. The export of silk also increased importantly. The demand of tea and silk led to the e labor partyateness of tea and silk producing regions as they greatly benefited from foreign trade. Another economic effect was a monetary crisis which resulted from the increased v olumes of trade activities. at that place was a drop-off in the Spanish silver dollar and it appreciated so much that it was abolished and the Mexican dollar introduced. These problems were compound by internal monetary crises that were instigated in the main by poor administration. The copper cash that prevailed in China depreciated significantly as a result of inadequate supply of copper. This devastated Chinese pecuniary system and in 1853, the country had to result to paper money (Beeching 67). There was a significant effect on the textile diligence. Prior to the Opium struggle, the Chinese made cloths by hand.This industry was almost eliminated as open system led to the importation of cheaper machine-made cloths and other products. The native textile industries had to adapt by lowering their charges, though this was detrimental to the textile workers. Their wages were cut as the textile industries looked for ways of reducing their operation equals and led to lowering th e living standards of these workers (Beeching 63). The old Chinese self-sufficient economy was changing under pressure. Chinas social-economical development was affected by western capitalistic societies.This however did not lead to the formation of capitalistic China but rather made it to a semi-colonial semi-feudal state. The Chinese industries had been exposed to the exterior states but at a time when they had not anticipated it. They were thus less prepared and less equipped to compete with these international industries. The opening up of China meant that the people who used to transport goods to Canton (mostly the Hakkas) were left without jobs. The majority of trade shifted from Canton to Shanghai as Shanghai had been opened for foreign trade.The Hakkas were considered to be ethnic minorities by the natives of Canton which led to a competition between the two clans in form of farming and economy. This led to wars between the two clans and as a result, hundred of thousands o f lives were lost and the effect was quite significant to the Chinas economy. The population which had made the country prosperous was being threatened by this internal wars and struggles (Chung, Para. 4). China was no more affected as a series of natural disasters also stroke the country.The Huang He River had burst its banks and flooded a vast portion of land in the year 1851. In 1855, the river flooded again and the rich and among the most productive province of Jiangsu was in ruins as farmland was destroyed and loss of lives intensified. The Qing government could not afford to provide adequate attending to the survivors as funds had been drained during the opium war and against the Taipings rebellion. The government was also use up in negotiating for military aid with the European powers. The Qing government also set about contempt from the Nian movement which had just begun.The government was thus placed in a very unstable situation by all these occurrences and frustrations (Chung, Para. 5). jibe to Chung (Para. 7), the Muslim rebellions that tried to enhance equal rights among the Muslims and the non-Muslims, the Taipings rebellion, and other groups that were opposed to the Qing government failed to strike a solution to the prevailing social and economic crisis, as millions of people died. The much relied agricultural industry was severely affected by these rebellions as the countryside was ruined in these battles and countless people lost their lives.This led the Qing government to increase its dependence on the European Imperial forces and resultant purchase of modern weapons. These internal conflicts made it hard for the Qing government to repress its military powers and it thus lost external wars the Second Opium War (1856-1860) and Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895). The effect was an occupation of Beijing by an international force and the conformity of the Boxer Protocol (1901) which was done under humiliating terms. The government was to remun erate the European powers for the losses that they had suffered.The Qing court resisted reforms and revolutionaries and reformers advocated for overthrow of the Qing dynasty in order to form a republic. The Qing government was eventually weakened by the numerous rebellions as they tried to pursue economic stability as the economic crisis had worsen by the end of 19th century to a national location (Chung, Para. 10). The Rise of Chinas Economy The yield and the sudden rise of China is one of the greatest economic successes in the world. With economic reforms in China which started in the year 1979, to 2008 Chinas economy is believed to have grown 14-fold in real terms.This has led to the raising of hundreds of millions of people out of extreme poverty. On per capita basis, China is relatively poor though it is soon the worlds second largest economy. This has led to increase in economic ties between China and the U. S. China is still marked with low-cost labor and as such, most U. S. companies operate in China so as to benefit from the vast and booming Chinese Market and low cost of operations as a result of taking advantage of the low cost labor in their export-oriented manufacturing (Rawski, Para. ). The basic improvements seem to have originated from quadruple modernization strategies in Agri refining, industry, science and technology, and National Defense. This meant that rural electrification had to be initiated, a total industrial automation, a focus on a new outlook of the economy, and an enhanced national security and strength on defense. mechanisation in agriculture and subsequent use of irrigation, led to the modification of the industry so as to enhance production, better farming methods were also advance (Rawski, Para. 9).The Chinese social and cultural structure had been thought that it was a major constraint to economic harvest-time and development. The rapid improvement in economic conditions of the Chinese is a clear indication that the so cial and cultural structures ability be conducive to growth. There are certain elements of Chinese culture that generate an adventurous spirit which is not found in most cultures in poor countries. One would pose to wonder why this enterprising spirit didnt have major effects in the 19th century as it had after the minor reforms in 1978 which initiated explosive growth.China used improvements in the heavy industry and infrastructure. Development of modern highways, and combine of Petrochemical, nerve and other industries ensured that the economic capacity of the nation was improved. This rapid growth was also initiated by the use of cheap labor which was used extensively in manufacture and subsequent export of low-end products (Overholt 23). The Implications The opening up of China and the subsequent catastrophic occurrences had negative impacts on the economic well being of China.The Western countries undermined Chinas self sufficient economy, the rural settle industries were as much adversely affected as the development that occurred in the urban market economy. On the other hand, it opened the nation to equate its progress with other nations as well. Technology was imported from the western countries and all this worked to enable the nation develop unbiased opinions on the working of international economies. The Chinese government established commercial and modern enterprises as a result of stimulation from the western capitalism.Many of the established enterprises went bankrupt as a result of poor administration, but the established modern industries thrived which enhanced the social-economic development of China. The modern industries stimulated the growth of Chinese capitalism and form a basis which has marked a tremendous improvement of the Chinese economy (Chesneaux, Marianne & Maie-Claire 48). It is a wonder that a nation that could except feed its citizens is an industrial giant with the leading capacity in steel production, aluminum, cemen t and coal. The U. S. ad been the worlds leading auto market but in January 2009, China had turned the tables. It had also been named the top manufacturer of merchant ships in the year 2007. It is clear that the western incline had negative impacts to China at first but today China has all to gain. The exposure to the western markets at such a critical time gave the nation a clear understanding of improved technology and the full treatment of international markets and economies. China thus used its capacities and its capabilities so as enable it obtain ascendance in this international market.When we compare China to conjugation Korea, a country that was free from western influence, then we can confidently say that Western Influence was what was needed to awaken the sleeping giant in China (Overholt 29). According to the U. S. Department of State (Para. 20b), in the Mid-19th century, the western countries focused the capitalist diplomacy on Korea. The policy which was adopted by the Leaders made the region to be termed as Hermit Kingdom. Korea remained self-employed person until late 19th century when China wanted to block the influence Japan had on Korean Peninsula and the pressure by the Russians.This led to the afore-mentioned Sino-Japanese war in which Japan emerged victorious. Korea was thus annexed as part of the Japan pudding stone which had strong colonial administration and control and it was not until the end of macrocosm War II in 1945 that Japan surrendered. This led to the division of Korea, where the coupled States administered the southern part and the U. S. S. R. took over the northern side. North Korea attacked South Korea in 1950 and the United Nations sent troops to support South Korea. China support North Korea until an armistice agreement was signed in 1953.North Korea is governed by a centralized government under the Communist Korean thespians Party (KWP). Minor parties do exist but under limited power and scope of authority. It has a record of wide violations of tender-hearted rights as the government has total control on all issues in the state. The media is controlled by the government that it is not a wonder that North Korea was bedded second to last on the World Press Freedom proponent (U. S. Department of State, Para. 23b). North Korea spends quite a substantial proportion of its income on military, but the nation has not yet become self-sufficient in food production.Technological links were disrupted and affected with the collapse of communism in the former Soviet Union in 1989. The GDP of the nation has stagnated for quite a while and it is far much below China in economic development and in the living standards of its nationals (U. S. Department of State, Para. 18b). close The Chinese people were against the opening of China by the Opium War, but the control of China and influence by the Western countries made China a semi-feudal semi-colonial state.It was not until then that technology found its way into China and the Chinese were quick to use it to their advantaged. The shameful defeat in the Opium War made the Chinese vow to strengthen their country in order to anticipate a repeat of the same. This has inspired the nation to the current situation of growth and influence in the world. In fact China is very antipathetic to succumb to international pressure as it is on its way to gain the title the worlds economic giant.